When not to use a DBMS?

- if unnecessary overhead costs are incurred compared to traditional file processing

- high initial investment in hardware, software, and training

- generality that a DBMS provides for defining and processing data

- overhead for providing security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions

- improper database design

- the database and applications are simple, well defined, and not expected to change

- multiple-user access to data is not required